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Physical Therapy: Citations

AMA Citation Style refers to the citation and manual of style from the American Medical Association. Use the information and examples provided on this page to properly format in-text and reference list citations. 

The 11th edition of the AMA Manual of Style will be published 2020

The Reference List

Your reference list should begin on a new page following the text of your paper. Here, you will include complete citations for the resources you've used in your writing. 
Example:
Tips for formatting your reference list:
  • Number references should be listed in the order they appear in the text. Do not alphabetize.
  • Do not indent if the citation extends to a second line.
  • Authors are listed with the last name first followed by the first and middle initials without periods. (E.g.: Skinner, BF)
  • Up to 6 author names should be listed.  Over 6 authors, list only the first 3, followed by "et al." 
  • Journal titles abbreviated according to PubMed abbreviations and italicized.
  • In journal titles, capitalize all major words.
  • For online journals, the DOI is preferred over the URL link.
  • In book titles, capitalize all major words.
  • When URLs are used, ensure that they are a direct as possible and the link still functions as close to publication as possible.

 

In-Text Citations

In addition to the Reference list, sources are also cited using superscript numbers.
Example:
Tips for formatting your reference list:
  • References are numbered in consecutive order in the text, tables, or figures.
  • Use superscript Arabic numerals (see example below).  The first reference used in the documents should be listed first on the reference list.
  • Where to insert superscript numbers:
    • Immediately next to the fact, idea or quotation being cited.
    • Outside periods and commas.
    • Inside colons and semi-colons
  • If a reference is used multiple times in the same paper, use the same number throughout.
  • When more than two references are cited at one give place, use hyphens to join the first and last numbers of the series; use commas without space to separate other parts of multiple citations 1,4-7,19,24.
  • You may refer to the author's name (last name only) in the text of your paper, as long as these are accompanied by a numbered citation.

 

 

Learn More:
AMA Style Guide: University of Washington Health Sciences Library
Reference Style Guide: USC Libraries
AMA Style Guide: Ouachita Baptist University

Books

Entry Type

Reference List

Book - single author

Shepard TH. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 7th ed. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press; 1992.

Book - multiple authors

Baselt RC, Cravey RH. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 4th ed. Foster City, CA: Chemical Toxicology Institute; 1995. 

*Include up to 6 authors. If greater than 6, include the first 3 authors followed by 'et al.'

Book - with editors

Armitage JO, Antman KH, eds. High-dose Cancer Therapy: Pharmacology, Hematopoietins, Stem Cells. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1995.

Book - Chapter

Degner LF, McWilliams ME. Challenges in conducting cross-national nursing research. In: Fitzpatrick JJ, Stevenson JS, Polis NS, eds. Nursing Research and its Utilization: International State of the Science. New York, NY: Springer; 1994:211-215.

Book - Monographic Series

Davidoff RA. Migraine: Manifestations, Pathogenesis, and Management. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis; 1995. Contemporary Neurology Series, No 42. 

Book - Online

DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey LM, eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Psychophysiology Approach. 9th ed. New York: NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014. http://accesspharmacy.mhmedical/com/book/aspx?bookid=689. Accessed April 3, 2016. 

*follow the above example to cite online books in various formats.

 

Journals

Entry Type Reference List
Article - print, single author Moldofsky H. Sleep, neuroimmune and neuroendocrine functions in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Adv Neuroimmunol. 1995;5(1):39-56.
Article - print, multiple authors

Huang W, Lee SL, Lu LX. Mechanistic approaches to predicting oral drug absorption. AAPS J. 2009;11(2):2017-224.

*include up to 6 authors. If greater than 6, include the first 3 authors followed by ' et al.' 
Article - online, DOI Kitajima TS, Kawashima SA, Watanabe Y. The conserved kinetochore protein shugoshin protects centromeric cohesion during meiosis. Nature 2004;427(6974):510-517. doi: 101038/nature02312
Article - online, URL  Kapur VK. Obstructive sleep apnea: diagnosis, epidemiology, and economics. Respir Care. 2010;55(9)1155-1167. http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/09.10/09.10.1155.pdf Accessed November 8, 2011.
Article - no page numbers Gore D, Haji SA, Balashanmugam A, et al. Light and electron microscopy of macular corneal dystrophy: a case study. Digit J Ophthalmol. 2004;10. http://djo.harvard.edu/site.php?ur=/physicians/oa/671. Accessed December 6, 2005. 

Miscellaneous

Entry Type  Reference List
Website National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. National Guideline Clearinghouse. http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=49566$&search=diabetes. Published August 26, 2015. Accessed April 25, 2016.
Website - no author, no dates Compound summary for CID 146571: Escitalopram Oxalate. PubChem Compound Database. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/146571. Accessed April 16, 2019.
Drug Monograph - print Lisinopril. McEnvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information 2014. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc.;2014.
Drug Monograph - online Lisinopril. AHFS DI (Adult and Pediatric). Lexicomp. http://online.lexi.com/lco/action/doc/retrieve/docid/complete_ashp/414040. Updated March 11, 2016. Accessed May 11, 2016.
Package Inserts - print Lamasil [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Sandoz Pharmaceutics Corporation; 1993.
Package Inserts - online Lovenoz [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC. http://products.sanofi.us/lovenox/lovenox.html. Published April 20, 2011. Accessed May 10, 2016. 
Online Video The Narcotic Farm - Part 1/3 [video online]. 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BZrsAh4kd0&feature=related. Accessed October 22, 2017.

Point of Care Tool

Townsend, RR. Major side effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. In: Post, T, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA.: UpToDate; 2016. www.updtodate.com. Accessed March 24, 2016.
Podcast Mason J, Bavolek R. Placenta Previa. Emergency Medicine Reviews and Perspectives. October 1, 2018. https://www.emrap.org/episode/emrap20181/placentaprevia. Accessed November 21, 2018.