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Health Informatics & Information Management : Citations

 

APA Citation refers to the citation and manual of style from the American Psychological Association. Use the information and examples provided on this page to properly format in-text and reference list citations. 

The previous edition of the APA Manual of Style is available for review within Rowland Medical Library. 
Learn more about the most notable changes in APA 7th ed. 
Citing sources you've consulted gives your paper credibility, and adhering to APA's citation guidelines protects you from unintentional plagiarism.

The Reference List

Your reference list should begin on a new page following the text of your paper. Here, you will include complete citations for the resources you've used in your writing. 
Tips for formatting your reference list:
  • Begin the list on a new page with the title "References" centered at the top.
  • The entire list should be double-spaced.
  • Authors are listed with the last name first followed by the first and middle initials. (E.g.: Skinner, B.F.)
  • The list should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each citation.
  • When citing books, Web pages, and periodicals, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle as well as proper nouns.
  • When citing academic journal articles, capitalize all major words in the journal-title.
  • Don't use quotation marks around titles of journal or periodical articles.
  • Publisher location is no longer needed, simply the name of the publisher.
  • Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors should be fully listed on the reference list.
  • Format DOIs the same as URLs; the label DOI is not necessary. (https://doi.org/10.1080/02686667.2018.1560449)
  • Do not include "Retrieved from" before a URL.

 

In-Text Citations

In addition to the Reference list, sources are also cited using the parenthetical author-date system in the text of your manuscript. 
You may word your in-text citation in several different ways to maximize the effectiveness of your writing. The most straightforward method is to include the author's (or authors') last name and the page number(s) following the quotation, idea, or fact you are citing.
Example:
There is not a strong correlation between a high GPA and students who began reading at an early age (Kahneman & Klein, 2009).
You may also refer to the author's name in the text of your paper. In this case, cite the date in parentheses following the author's name.
Example:
Kahneman & Klein (2009) found that there is not a strong correlation between a high GPA and early readers.
If you are using a direct quotation, include the page number where the quotation can be found.
Example:
"The correlation between early reading and graduating GPA is not high" (Kahneman & Klein, 2009, p. 522).

 

 

Books

Entry Type
Reference List
Book - print, single author
Flanagan, O.J. (2007). Really hard problem: Meaning in a material world. MIT Press. 
Book - print, multiple Authors
Strunk, W., Jones, T., & White, E.B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). Macmillian.
* Include up to 6 authors. If over 6 authors list all six, then insert three ellipsis points, and dd the last author's name.
Book - with editors
Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. Russell Sage Foundation.
Book - chapter
Haybron, D.M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.)., The Science of subjective well-being (pp.17-43). Guilford Press.
Book - editions
Rottenberg, A.T. (2003). Elements of argument: A text and reader (7th ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's.
Book - online
Samanez-Larkin, G.R. (Ed.). (2019). The aging brain: Functional adaptation across adulthood. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000143-000
*Only provide the URL or DOI if you have an open access eBook.  If not, then cite like a print book. 

 

Journals

Entry Type
Reference List
Journal - print, single author
Edmondson, J. (2002). The will of the people. The Reading Teacher, 55(5), 452.454.
Journal - print, multiple authors
Husain, A.N., Colby, T.V., Ordonez, N.G. Krausz, T., Borczuk, A., Cagle, P.T. & Wick, M.R. (2009). Guidelines for pathologic diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 133(8), 1317-1331.
Journal - online, DOI
Martens, S. & Valchev, N. (2009). Individual differences in the attentional blink: The important role of irrelevant information. Experimental Psychology, 56(1), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.1.18
* Do not include the name of a database, except on occasion where the content is exclusive to the database.
Journal - online, URL
Royce, W.S. Gebelt, J.L., & Duff, R.W. (2003). Female athletes: Being both athletic and feminine. Athletic Insight, 5(1), 56-62. http://www.athleticinsight.com/VOL5Iss1/FeminineAthlete.htm
Journal - Cochrane Library
Butterworth, A.D., Thomas A.G., & Akobeng, A.K. (2008).  Probiotics for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochran Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006634.pub2
Journal - ERIC database
Asio, J.M.R., & Gadio, E.D. (2019). Awareness and understanding of college students towards teacher bullying: Basis for policy inclusion in the student handbook (ED595107). ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED595107
*Use this example for non-periodical ERIC documents. 

Miscellaneous

Entry Term
 
Reference List
Podcast
Mars, R.(Host). (2019, September 30). The help-yourself city (No. 375) [Audio podcast episode]. In 99% invisible. Radiotopia. https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-help-yourself-city/
Website
Corcodilos, N. (2010). Keep your salary under wraps. Ask the Headhunter. http://asktheheadhuner.com/hasalary.htm
Website - no author, no date
Appeal to authority. (n.d.). Logical Fallacies. https://www.logicalfallacies.org/appeal-to-authoirty.html
Blog Post
Headsman. (2009, August 17). 1909: Madanlal Dhingra, Indian revolutionary. ExecutedToday.com. http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/085/17/1909-mandnlal-dhingra-indian-revolutionary./
Government Report
Haugen, S.E. (2009). Measures of labor underutilization from the current population study (Working Paper No. 424). Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://bls.gov/osmr/pdf/ec090020.pdf
Online Video
Jones, P. [patrickJMT]. (2009, October 24). Easily memorize the unit circle [Video]. YouTube. http://youtube.com/watch?v=03McKEg9ASA
Photograph
Zemlianichenko, A. (2009). Russian President Boris Yeltsin dancing at a rock concert [Photograph]. The Pulitzer Prizes. https://www.puliter.org/winners/alexander-zemlianichenko
Thesis/Dissertation
Chang, S. (2009). Relationship between active leisure and active vacations [Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida]. University of Florida Collections. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0024249/00001
Drug Monograph - print
Shionogi Pharma. (2010). Ulesfia Lotion: Highlights of prescribing information. Shionogi Pharma.
*Replace publisher with website if online.